Barrier displacement on a neutral landscape: Towards a theory of continental biogeography. The effects of river capture on speciation and extinction are complex and intertwined. By subdividing species geographic ranges river capture isolates populations on either side of a new watershed divide, thereby promoting speciation.
However, because these isolated populations have smaller populations sizes, river capture can serve to increase extinction risk. Yet curiously, river capture can also inhibit the processes of speciation and extinction by facilitating dispersal i.
As a result of these complex effects, river capture has been implicated in the formation of high freshwater diversity in many regions and taxa see review in Albert et al. River capture has contributed substantially to diversification in many aquatic and terrestrial Amazonian taxa that are ecologically restricted to rivers, floodplains, and riparian woodlands e.
Aleixo, Aleixo A. Evolution [serial on the Internet]. Molecular signatures of Neogene biogeographical events in the Amazon fish fauna. A palaeobiogeographic model for biotic diversification within Amazonia over the past three million years.
Proc R Soc B [serial on the Internet]. Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic history of the armored Neotropical catfish subfamilies Hypoptopomatinae, Neoplecostominae and Otothyrinae Siluriformes: Loricariidae. PLoS One [serial on the Internet]. Biogeographical signature of river capture events in Amazonian lowlands.
J Biogeogr [serial on the Internet]. The role of river capture in biotic diversification has also been demonstrated in many other regions of the world Stanford, Ward, Stanford JA, Ward JV. An ecosystem perspective of alluvial rivers: connectivity and the hyporheic corridor.
J N Am Benthol Soc. The fauna of dynamic riverine landscapes. Freshw Biol. River capture, range expansion, and cladogenesis: the genetic signature of freshwater vicariance. Species diversity gradients in relation to geological history in North American freshwater fishes. Evol Ecol Res. Rapid biological speciation driven by tectonic evolution in New Zealand. Nat Geosci [serial on the Internet]. Historical biogeography ecology and species richness. Trends Ecol Evol [serial on the Internet].
Coral reefs as drivers of cladogenesis: expanding coral reefs cryptic extinction events and the development of biodiversity hotspots. J Evol Biol [serial on the Internet]. Amazonia, landscape and species evolution: A look into the past. Sedimentary Geology [serial on the Internet]. Major biogeographic and phylogenetic patterns. Berkeley: University of California Press ; a. The age and diversification of terrestrial New World ecosystems through Cretaceous and Cenozoic time. Am J Bot [serial on the Internet].
Although the precise age of the modern west-to-east-flowing transcontinental Amazon River system is still incompletely understood, the main events are estimated to have occurred in the Neogene. Published age estimates for the origin of the transcontinental Amazon range over two orders of magnitude, from 0.
Dobson et al. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol [serial on the Internet]. The Amazon at sea: Onset and stages of the Amazon River from a marine record, with special reference to Neogene plant turnover in the drainage basin.
Glob Planet Change [serial on the Internet]. Geological units that formed the provenance area for the sediment input into the Amazon subaqueous delta and submarine fan adapted from Hoorn et al. Eustatic and tectonic change effects in the reversion of the transcontinental Amazon River drainage system. Braz J Geol. Sediment dating of cores in the Amazon Fan red; Hoorn et al. Ratios of stable Neodymium isotopes expressed in epsilon notation: eNd 0. Note values of both parameters change through time according to the provenance of the preserved terrigenous material.
Beginning in the s, Hoorn and colleagues advanced a general timeline in which the modern transcontinental Amazon was assembled by means of an extraordinarily large mega river capture event during the late Miocene c.
Marine incursions and the influence of Andean tectonics on the Miocene depositional history of northwestern Amazonia: results of a palynostratigraphic study. Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in Miocene northern South America.
On the origin of Amazonian landscapes and biodiversity: A synthesis. Amazonia, Landscape and Species Evolution: A look into the past ; Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. A mega-capture is a river capture event involving more than 1, km 2 , or about 0.
Patterns and processes of global riverine fish endemism. Glob Ecol Biogeogr [serial on the Internet]. This mega-capture event is the largest of its kind ever proposed, transferring approximately 1,, km 2 of watershed area from the sub-Andean foreland to the eastern Amazon Albert et al. Amazonia, Landscape, and Species Evolution: A look into the past.
This river capture event diverted Andean waters to flow eastwards across the whole of northern South America and into the Atlantic, depositing Andean-derived sediments at or near the mouth of the modern Amazon River.
Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene drainage shift of Amazonian rivers driven by Equatorial Atlantic Ocean opening and Andean uplift as deduced from the provenance of northern Peruvian sedimentary rocks Huallaga basin.
Gondwana Res [serial on the Internet]. Understanding the precise timing and sequence of this geomorphological event, contributing to the formation of the expansive Amazon catchment, is of central concern to the study of Neotropical biodiversity Cracraft, Cracraft J.
Historical biogeography and patterns of differentiation within the South American avifauna: areas of endemism. Ornithol Monogr [serial on the Internet]. The temporal context for the diversification of Neotropical fishes. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs; Evidence of history in explaining diversity patterns in tropical riverine fish. Why are there so many plant species in the Neotropics? Global imprint of historical connectivity on freshwater fish biodiversity Ecol Lett [serial on the Internet].
The drivers of tropical speciation. Constraining age estimates on the origin of the transcontinental Amazon River informs models on the diversification of taxa with geographic ranges that extend over large areas of Greater Amazonia. Some phylogenetic studies of avian and mammalian genera have recovered Pliocene 5. Ribas et al. Cryptic patterns of diversification of a widespread Amazonian Woodcreeper species complex Aves: Dendrocolaptidae inferred from multilocus phylogenetic analysis: implications for historical biogeography and taxonomy.
Biogeography of squirrel monkeys genus Saimiri : South-central Amazon origin and rapid pan-Amazonian diversification of a lowland primate. Studies on other taxa fishes, amphibians, some birds, plants have recovered late Miocene Ma dates for divergences among clades that inhabit multiple sedimentary basins of Amazonia e.
Antonelli et al. Amazonian amphibian diversity is primarily derived from late Miocene Andean lineages. PLoS Biol [serial on the Internet]. Molecular systematics and biogeography of lowland antpittas Aves Grallariidae : The role of vicariance and dispersal in the diversification of a widespread Neotropical lineage. This paper has three main goals. The first is to explicate the role of sedimentary basins, bounded by uplands and structural arches, as fundamental geological units constraining the evolution of river basins in NSA through the Neogene.
The second goal is to describe the spatial and temporal dimensions of a multi-stage model for the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River sensu Figueiredo et al. The role of groundwater in the Amazon water cycle: 1. Influence on seasonal streamflow, flooding and wetlands.
J Geophys Res Atmos [serial on the Internet]. The results support a pluralist approach to the study of basin and landscape evolution, in which multiple processes contribute to the formation of continental-scale river basins Potter, Potter PE. Significance and origin of big rivers. J Geo [serial on the Internet]. Global Miocene tectonics and the modern world. Biogeography and diversification of Rhegmatorhina Aves: Thamnophilidae : Implications for the evolution of Amazonian landscapes during the Quaternary.
Geological setting of Northern South America. Lexington: University of Kentucky; This section provides a brief primer of key terms, concepts, and geological features used in studies on the geomorphology and geology of the Amazon basin.
Readers familiar with these issues may wish to skip ahead to the next section. The principal landforms controlling the evolution of rivers in NSA are the upland Guiana and Brazilian Shields, the Andes, and a set of structural arches and sedimentary depositional basins, all of heterogeneous geological origins Fig. Many of these geological features have been known since the early 20 th Century Schuchert, Schuchert C.
Geology of the Lower Amazon region. J Geol. Outlines of the geology of Brazil to accompany the geologic map of Brazil. Geol Soc Am Bull. Structural arches dashed lines of diverse geological origins partially bounding sedimentary basins. Sedimentary basins in orange draining to the Caribbean; in yellow to the Atlantic. Structural arches and sedimentary basins from Costa Menegazzo et al.
The South American retroarc foreland system: the development of the Bauru Basin in the back-bulge province. Mar Petrol Geol. Miocene flooding events of western Amazonia. Sci Adv [serial on the Internet]. These shields are now known to be composed of Proterozoic 2, Ma crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks that form the Amazon craton, along with some overlying Paleozoic Ma sedimentary formations Hartmann, Hartmann LA.
The much younger Andes orogenic belt extends along the western margin of the continent as a series of parallel and transverse ranges cordilleras , plateaus and depressions. The Andes formed during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Ma by compression and mountain building along the western margin of South America Barckhausen et al.
Birth of an intraoceanic spreading center. Subduction on the western South American margin drove a transition from an extensional tectonic regime associated with a westward Pacific draining pre-Andean landscape, to a compressive regime with an eastward Atlantic draining landscape during the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene Louterbach et al.
Terra Nova [serial on the Internet]. The riverscape of Western Amazonia - A quantitative approach to the fluvial biogeography of the region. An ecological perspective on diversity and distributions. Many faces of the Amazon. The term Amazon describes several different and overlapping hydrological, geological, biological, and political entities. To avoid confusion, it is useful to distinguish the use of the term Amazon as the name of a drainage basin, river, biodiversity province, and ecoregion.
The Amazon drainage basin is a watershed circumscribing more than 7. New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data. Eos [serial on the Internet]. This immense catchment is the most expansive drainage basin documented, and given that the continents are today larger than in previous eras Hawkesworth et al. Continental growth and the crustal record.
Tectonophysics [serial on the Internet]. Sedimentary processes on the Amazon continental shelf: past present and future research. Cont Shelf Res [serial on the Internet]. River inputs. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences.
London: Academic Press; The Amazon River also contains the largest surface area of wetlands c. The Smithsonian atlas of the Amazon. Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. Assessing flooding patterns in Llanos of the Apure Region Venezuela using radar images. The Amazon drainage basin collects waters from across much of Greater Amazonia, a vast and ecologically heterogeneous biodiversity province, including alpine streams and torrential rivers of the Northern and Central Andes, moist lowland rainforests and seasonally-inundated floodplains, and seasonally-burned savannahs of the Guiana and Brazilian uplands shields.
The margins of Greater Amazonia broadly coincide with that of the Amazon Rainforest ecoregion, the largest contiguous region of moist, tropical forests on Earth. This ecoregion covers about 5,, km 2 in nine countries, including most of lowland Amazonia, but excluding non-forested ecoregions of the Llanos in the Orinoco drainage, and the upper reaches of major rivers in the Brazilian Shield e. Upper Madeira, Tapajos, Xingu, Tocantins. The term Amazon is also used in the official names of states or departments in four nations; Brazil 1,, km 2 , Colombia , km 2 , Peru 39, km 2 , and Venezuela ,50 km 2.
Rivers, basins and arches. Sedimentary basins: evolution, facies, and sediment budget. Heidelberg; Springer Verlag; The Field Guide to Geology. New York: Facts on Files; Subsidence in turn often results from flexure of the crust due to topographic caused by tectonics or sedimentary caused by erosion of uplifting highlands loading e.
Jordan, Jordan TE. Thrust loads and foreland basin evolution Cretaceous western United States. Am Assoc Pet Geol Bull. Forte et al. Dynamic surface topography: A new interpretation based upon mantle flow models derived from seismic tomography.
Geophys Res Lett [serial on the Internet]. These processes act over different spatial and temporal scales and lead to distinct basin architectures. Active tectonics i. Shephard et al. Miocene drainage reversal of the Amazon River driven by plate-mantle interaction. Influence of Peruvian flat-subduction dynamics on the evolution of western Amazonia. Drainage reversal of the Amazon River due to the coupling of surface and lithospheric processes. From a biogeographic perspective, a river may usefully be perceived as a whole drainage basin e.
Abell et al. Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. BioScience [serial on the Internet]. Biogeography of Amazonian fishes: deconstructing river basins as biogeographic units. Neotrop Ichthyol [serial on the Internet]. A global database on freshwater fish species occurrence in drainage basins.
Sci Data [serial on the Internet]. However, insightful observers have emphasized the fluid nature of rivers; e. Heraclitus: Fragments. A Text and Translation with Commentary. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; The modern conception of a river includes waterways with multiple channels, those with intermittent or ephemeral flow, bankless waterways like the Florida Everglades or Pantanal Matogrossense, and the baseflow of groundwater from the watershed or catchment watertable Ritter et al.
Process Geomorphology. New York: McGraw-Hill; Riverine landscapes: taking landscape ecology into the water. Freshw Biol [serial on the Internet]. Indications of regional scale groundwater flows in the Amazon Basins: Inferences from results of geothermal studies. The river channel contains only the subaerial portion of the total basin discharge.
Channel flow contributes substantially to the total erosion of a continental hydrological system Willenbring et al. Earth is mostly flat: Apportionment of the flux of continental sediment over millennial time scales.
However, the sub-flow of groundwater contributes substantially to basin-wide erosion, in particular to headwater erosion, and therefore to the movement of watershed boundaries Schaller, Fan, Schaller MF, Fan Y. River basins as groundwater exporters and importers: Implications for water cycle and climate modeling. From a geomorphological perspective, a drainage system develops from a hierarchy of water flux processes occurring over a range of spatial and temporal scales, under particular geographic settings and particular climatic regimes Goudie, Goudie AS.
Paleodrainage Systems. In: Javaid MS, editor. Drainage Systems. Rijeka: InTech; Fluvial and erosional processes range from local hydraulic and sediment movement processes of channels operating over daily or annual time scales, to basin-scale processes associated with regional geological and global climatological contexts operating over millions of years. All the sediment stored in basins ultimately derives from a parent rock source. Fluvial erosion of the highlands i.
Andes and, to a lower extent, cratons operating over millennia in response to regional geological processes i. Wittmann et al. Recycling of Amazon floodplain sediment quantified by cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be. It is not possible to describe the geologic setting of the sedimentary basins in Amazonia without describing their bound ing structures, the structural arches.
Such inter-basin arches may form under the influence of several different geological processes. Localized uplift may arise from tectonic subduction e. Michicola Arch , forearc bulges e. El Baul and Iquitos Arches , or strike-slip faults e. Structural arches can be reflected in the surface topography if there is differential subsidence and sediment deposition along adjacent fault zones e.
Michicola Arches. When expressed in the surface topography, structural arches form topographic barriers to drainage basins. Timing of crust formation and recycling in accretionary orogens: Insights learned from the western margin of South America.
Crustal evolution of the South American Platform based on Nd isotopic systematics on granitoid rocks. The Ventuari-Tapajos belt formed during the Paleoproterozoic c.
Precambrian Res [serial on the Internet]. The ecology of the Amazon River is obviously closely linked to that of its tributaries. The extent of the main stem across most of north-central South America, its central geographical position in the Amazon Basin and the unmatched size of its floodplains contribute to its ecological complexity.
Because the Amazon River is the main artery for urbanization, commerce, transportation, fisheries and floodplain agriculture, its floodplains have also been modified more than those of any of its large tributaries, with the possible exception of those of the Tocantins River. Most proposed large-scale floodplain agricultural projects are aimed at the Amazon River floodplain because of its size, fertile soils and proximity to major urban centers.
The Amazon River floodplain is molded by annual deposition and erosion cycles. Some floodplain areas, however, are very broad, often exceeding 20 km and may undergo only slight morphological changes, even over a century. Deforestation and floating meadow destruction appear to be leading to greater floodplain instability along the Amazon River. Show us where you live, and we will tell you who you are. Tell us who you are, and we will assist you in creating a living space to suit your taste.
Change the space in ways thus far unknown to you. Create interiors that will take your breath away. Homes, offices, restaurants, or hotels will take on new colors to tell stories more colorful than from One Thousand and One Nights.
An infinite number of designs and your unrestricted inventiveness combine into incalculable possibilities for creating interiors unlike any other. Your imagination is the only limit. Tell your own story and enjoy the change. Use your discount by Poster Change material. Similar pictures. Details of personalization.
More information. Contact us Terms of Sales provided by independent artists This makes us stand out Eco-friendly. Free personalization shipping. One pattern everywhere. Will look great with.
0コメント