Identification of intermediates and products and quantitative evidence for the route of carbon flow. Dengler, N. Compartmentation and transport in C 4 photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. Slack, C. Distribution of enzymes in mesophyll and parenchyma-sheath chloroplasts of maize leaves in relation to the C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis. Photorespiration and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Lauterbach, M. Evolution of leaf anatomy in arid environments—A case study in southern African Tetraena and Roepera Zygophyllaceae.
Article PubMed Google Scholar. McKown, A. Key innovations in the evolution of Kranz anatomy and C4 vein pattern in Flaveria Asteraceae. Phylogeny of Flaveria Asteraceae and inference of C4 photosynthesis evolution.
Ku, M. Photosynthetic characteristics of C3—C4 intermediate flaveria species: I. Leaf anatomy, photosynthetic responses to O 2 and CO 2 , and activities of key enzymes in the C 3 and C 4 pathways. Rumpho, M. Reduction of photorespiration by a limited C 4 pathway of photosynthesis in Flaveria ramosissima.
Edwards, G. Biochemistry of C3—C4 intermediates. Google Scholar. Moore, B. Activities of principal photosynthetic and photorespiratory enzymes in leaf mesophyll and bundle sheath protoplasts from the C3—C4 Intermediate Flaveria-Ramosissima. Plant Cell Physiol. Photosynthetic and photorespiratory characteristics of flaveria species. Brown, N. The future of C4 research—maize, Flaveria or Cleome?.
Trends Plant Sci. Gowik, U. Evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the genus Flaveria: How many and which genes does it take to make C4?. Plant Cell 23 , — Mallman, J. The role of photorespiration during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the genus Flaveria. Elife 3 , e Engelmann, S. Molecular evolution of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the genus Flaveria—a gradual increase from C3 to C4 characteristics.
Planta , — Westhoff, P. Evolution of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Genes and proteins: a case study with the genus Flaveria. The gene for the P-subunit of glycine decarboxylase from the C4 species Flaveria trinervia: Analysis of transcriptional control in transgenic Flaveria bidentis C4 and Arabidopsis C3.
Lyu, M. RNA-Seq based phylogeny recapitulates previous phylogeny of the genus Flaveria Asteraceae with some modifications. BMC Evol. Emms, D. OrthoFinder: Solving fundamental biases in whole genome comparisons dramatically improves orthogroup inference accuracy. Genome Biol. Kadereit, G. C3—C4 intermediates may be of hybrid origin—a reminder. Peng, L. Mallmann, J. Elife 3 , e Vogan, P. Water-use efficiency and nitrogen-use efficiency of C 3 -C 4 intermediate species of Flaveria Juss.
Plant Cell Environ. Nakamura, N. Promotion of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I during the evolution of NADP-malic enzyme-type C4 photosynthesis in the genus Flaveria. Brawand, D. The evolution of gene expression levels in mammalian organs. Warnefors, M. Evolution of the correlation between expression divergence and protein divergence in mammals. Hart, J. Convergent evolution of gene expression in two high-toothed stickleback populations.
PLoS Genet. Yang, Z. PAML 4: Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. Exploiting the engine of C4 photosynthesis. Wang, Y.
Plant Physiol , — Wedding, R. Inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase by malate. Nucleic Acids Res. Hunt, B. Evolution at two levels in fire ants: The relationship between patterns of gene expression and protein sequence evolution.
Stitt, M. The large pools of metabolites involved in intercellular metabolite shuttles in C4 photosynthesis provide enormous flexibility and robustness in a fluctuating light environment.
Paulus, J. Greater efficiency of photosynthetic carbon fixation due to single amino-acid substitution. Morgan, C. Coordination of the cell-specific distribution of the 4 subunits of glycine decarboxylase and of serine hydroxymethyltransferase in leaves of c3—c4 intermediate species from different genera.
Planta , — Lundgren, M. Evolutionary implications of C3—C4 intermediates in the grass Alloteropsis semialata. Plant, Cell Environ. Khoshravesh, R. C 3 —C 4 intermediacy in grasses: Organelle enrichment and distribution, glycine decarboxylase expression, and the rise of C2 photosynthesis. Schluter, U. Photosynthesis in C3—C4 intermediate Moricandia species. Muhaidat, R. Characterization of C3—C4 intermediate species in the genus Heliotropium L. Boraginaceae : Anatomy, ultrastructure and enzyme activity.
Hylton, C. Glycine decarboxylase is confined to the bundle-sheath cells of leaves of C 3 —C 4 intermediate species. Sage, T. Initial events during the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in C3 species of Flaveria.
Robinson, M. Bioinformatics 26 , — C4 photosynthesis and light-dependent accumulation of inorganic carbon in leaves of C3—C4 and C4 Flaveria species. Grabherr, M. Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Genome Res. Li, B. BMC Bioinform. J Appl Ecol — Bol Soc Venez Cienc Nat — Ford CW, Wilson JR Changes in levels of solutes during osmotic adjustment to water stress in leaves of four tropical pasture species.
Aust J Plant Physiol — Acta Oecol — Leeke in a controlled environment. J Exp Bot — Knapp AK Water relations and growth of three grasses during wet and drought years in a tallgrass prairie. Kramer PJ Drought, stress and the origin of adaptations. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp 7— Ludlow MM Stress physiology of tropical pasture plants. Trop Grassl — Medina E Physiological ecology of neotropical savanna plants.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp — Morgan JM Osmoregulation and water stress in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol — Munns R Why measure osmotic adjustment? J Range Manage — Passioura JB Resistance to drought and salinity: avenues for improvement. Pavlik BM Seasonal changes of osmotic pressure, symplastic water content and tissue elasticity in the blades of dune grasses growing in situ along the coast of Oregon.
There is a correlation between the zeta and net repulsive electrostatic potentials with suspension stability. Also in anhydrous media the aluminum hydroxide suspensions are more stable than the alumina suspensions and with the addition of water the stability of the aluminum hydroxide suspensions increases, whereas that of the alumina suspensions decreases.
In the latter, after a monolayer of water is adsorbed on the particles, they reverse their negative into positive charges.
This is accompanied by a fairly sharp decrease in the stability of the suspensions. Romo, Discuss. Faraday Soc. To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.
This corresponds to approximately Their maintenance had been neglected. The number of breakdowns was increasing regularly. However, since , as a result of the implementation of the water management strategy of the Armenian government, the share of population connected to the water supply network has increased to The quantity of water used to cover the household and related utility needs of the population through the water supply industry and self-supply.
Volumes of water used by households in total are measured in million cubic metres and per capita in cubic meter. The indicator is important for defining the level of development of the water economy services and the degree of water accessibility to cover all of the household needs of the population.
The indicator also helps to identify trends in household water use in a particular country. Government of the Republic of Armenia, Decision no. Howard, G. UNECE, Environmental Performance Review- Armenia. The law of the Republic of Armenia on the fundamentals of the national water policy is aimed at meeting the basic needs of the population, ensuring the maintenance and utilisation of renewable water resources and the quantity needed to reduce and prevent diseases due to water shortages and to maintain the aquatic ecosystems.
0コメント